Změna osobnosti při transplantaci srdce.

Změna osobnosti při transplantaci srdce.

Srdce bylo odjakživa považováno za zdroj emocí či sídlo duše. Dodnes se říká „je to od srdce“, „leží mi to na srdci“ apod. Proto i transplantace srdce může vyvolávat dohady o přenosu části osobnosti dárce na příjemce. Svědkové Jehovovi například odmítají krevní transfúzi, protože věří, že v krvi je duše člověka.

A tak jsem si na jednom soft skills školení vyslechl, že máme druhý mozek v srdci a třetí kolem žaludku.

Bohužel dosud neexistuje žádná velká lékařská studie na toto téma. Našel jsem zmínky pouze o dvou ministudiích.

Dvě ministudie:

Vídeň 1992, 47 pacientů

37 beze změny osobnosti

7 změny v důsledku život ohrožující události

3 pacienti změna osobnosti po transplantaci

Studie neuvádí, zda změna u těch tří souvisela nějak s osobností dárce. Současně uvádí, že pacienti nějak věřili, že v srdci je skryta část osobnosti.

37 beze změny zároveň nevěřili, že by něco takového bylo možné

 

Honolulu 2000, 10 pacientů

Důkladná nahrávaná interview s příjemci, jejich blízkými a blízkými dárců.

U každého příjemce bylo nalezeno 2až 5 změn zvyklostí či preferencí (jídlo, umění, kariéra, sex, zábava…), které korespondují s preferencemi dárce.

Problém:

• nevíme, zda příjemci znali dárce, ani co si myslí o srdci (abstrakt studie to neuvádí)
• nevíme kolik zvyklostí se měřilo a jak běžné jsou ty změněné preference

Ve všech pramenech se dokola uvádějí tyto 4 historky:

1. Dárce byl zabit výstřelem do obličeje; příjemce měl sny, v kterých viděl ostré záblesky světla před obličejem – příjemce byl ve studii Honolulu 2000
2. Claire Sylvia měla po transplantaci chuť na pivo a kuřecí nugety a sny o muži jménem Tim L. Dárce se opravdu tak jmenoval, bylo mu 18, zahynul na motocyklu a měl rád pivo a kuřecí nugety. Claire Sylvia o tom napsala knihu „Změna srdce“.
3. Osmiletá dívka dostala srdce zavražděné desetileté dívky. Po transplantaci zdědila její vzpomínky a pomohla identifikovat vraha.
4. Příjemce začal mít po transplantaci rád vážnou hudbu. Dárce byl houslista.

Historky 3 a 4 se uvádějí vždy bez jakéhokoliv odkazu na jakékoliv zdroje (natož ověřitelné).

Detaily historky 2 známe pouze od Claire Sylvie, která o tom napsala knihu.

U historky 1 nevíme, zda příjemce znal okolnosti smrti dárce předtím, než začal mít sny.

Možná vysvětlení:

Podle současné EB (evidence based) medicíny je sice v okolí trávicího traktu (hlavně žaludku) a srdce mnoho nervových buněk, ale nejsou centrem emocí ani paměti. Ale díky množství neuronů jsou to první místa, kde se projevují psychosomatické jevy, které nás mají varovat, že něco není v pořádku, ale mysl to možná zatím neví. Proto v žaludku cítíme, když naše podvědomí či intuice (což je vlastně podvědomá zásoba životních zkušeností svých i nastudovaných) nás varuje před tím, co mysli zatím uniká. A zároveň je nám na blití a svírá se nám srdce před těžkou zkouškou nebo lékařským zákrokem, o čemž moc dobře víme, a naše tělo křičí „pozor – nebezpečí – měl bys utéct“.

Teorie o druhém a třetím mozku u žaludku a u srdce tedy není v současné době podložena žádnými důkazy.

Příběhy podobné těm nahoře ale mohou mít racionální vysvětlení, někdy i více příčin současně, které uvádím níže.

1. Nová preference je velice běžná. Pivo a kuřecí nugety zbožňují desítky až stovky miliónů obyvatel USA. (příběh Sylvie Claire)
2. Příjemce znal zvyklosti či příčinu smrti dárce. To ovlivnilo jeho sny či preference, zvláště pokud věří, že v srdci je část osobnosti (něco jako placebo nebo nocebo efekt). O dárci mohl něco zaslechnout i v nemocnici od personálu, případně na začátku anestezie, když se o tom bavil operační tým.
3. Obdoba předchozího bodu – příjemce věří, že v srdci je součást osobnosti a jeho mozek si „vyrobí“ změnu zvyklostí. Pokud je dárce neznámý, tak není problém věřit, že změny určitě souvisí s osobností dárce.
4. Změna souvisí s lepším zdravotním stavem po transplantaci – příjemce se více pohybuje, zkouší i nezdravá jídla, je schopen aktivit, kterých předtím nebyl.
5. Vedlejší účinky léků s vlivem na psychiku.
6. Vzhledem k tomu, jak řídký to je jev, tak někdy může jít prostě o náhodu.
7. Urban legend.
8. Výmysl, který má upoutat pozornost
9. Buněčná paměť (cell memory) existuje ve svalech, může existovat i v jiných buňkách, které jsou naučeny či naprogramovány na určitou práci a určité vzruchy, které mohou i „vyžadovat“. Podobně naše chutě i emoce do určité míry ovlivňují bakterie v trávicím traktu, rychlost reakcí do určité míry zase prvoci toxoplazmózy. Tedy nový orgán si možná „říká“ o trochu jiné vzruchy, které je nutno dodat jiným jídlem apod.

 

Odkazy a trochu tapetování.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_transplantation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_memory

 

Úvahy o změnách osobnosti po transplantaci

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306987719307145?via%3Dihub

Personality changes following heart transplantation: The role of cellular memory

Author links open overlay panel Mitchell B.Liester

Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, PO Box 302, Monument, CO 80132, United States

Received 30 June 2019, Revised 29 September 2019, Accepted 28 October 2019, Available online 31 October 2019.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109468Get rights and content

Abstract

Personality changes following heart transplantation, which have been reported for decades, include accounts of recipients acquiring the personality characteristics of their donor. Four categories of personality changes are discussed in this article: (1) changes in preferences, (2) alterations in emotions/temperament, (3) modifications of identity, and (4) memories from the donor’s life. The acquisition of donor personality characteristics by recipients following heart transplantation is hypothesized to occur via the transfer of cellular memory, and four types of cellular memory are presented: (1) epigenetic memory, (2) DNA memory, (3) RNA memory, and (4) protein memory. Other possibilities, such as the transfer of memory via intracardiac neurological memory and energetic memory, are discussed as well. Implications for the future of heart transplantation are explored including the importance of reexamining our current definition of death, studying how the transfer of memories might affect the integration of a donated heart, determining whether memories can be transferred via the transplantation of other organs, and investigating which types of information can be transferred via heart transplantation. Further research is recommended.

 

Studie Vídeň 1992

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1299456/

Does changing the heart mean changing personality? A retrospective inquiry on 47 heart transplant patients

B Bunzel  ¹ , B Schmidl-Mohl, A Grundböck, G Wollenek

Affiliations

PMID: 1299456

DOI: 10.1007/BF00435634

1992 Aug;1(4):251-6.

Abstract

Heart transplantation is not simply a question of replacing an organ that no longer functions. The heart is often seen as source of love, emotions, and focus of personality traits. To gain insight into the problem of whether transplant patients themselves feel a change in personality after having received a donor heart, 47 patients who were transplanted over a period of 2 years in Vienna, Austria, were asked for an interview. Three groups of patients could be identified: 79% stated that their personality had not changed at all postoperatively. In this group, patients showed massive defense and denial reactions, mainly by rapidly changing the subject or making the question ridiculous. Fifteen per cent stated that their personality had indeed changed, but not because of the donor organ, but due to the life-threatening event. Six per cent (three patients) reported a distinct change of personality due to their new hearts. These incorporation fantasies forced them to change feelings and reactions and accept those of the donor. Verbatim statements of these heart transplant recipients show that there seem to be severe problems regarding graft incorporation, which are based on the age-old idea of the heart as a centre that houses feelings and forms the personality.

 

Studie Vídeň 1992 a Honolulu 2000

https://www.medicaldaily.com/can-organ-transplant-change-recipients-personality-cell-memory-theory-affirms-yes-247498

Can An Organ Transplant Change A Recipient’s Personality? Cell Memory Theory Affirms ‚Yes‘

Jul 9, 2013 01:34 PM By Lizette Borreli

Donors may give a ‘new life’ to organ transplant recipients due to memories stored by organs, according to cell memory theory. Tiiu Sild

 

Organ donors may be doing more than just saving lives. They may be giving a ‚new life‘ to organ transplant recipients. According to Donate Life America’s 2011 statistics, there were 8,127 deceased organ donors and 6,017 living organ donors in the United States, adding up to 28,535 organ transplants overall. The most common organ transplants include the cornea, kidney, and heart — with a heart transplant ranking the highest in five-year post-transplant survival rate of 74.9 percent. The heart ultimately stores memories through combinatorial coding by nerve cells, which allows the sensory system to recognize smells, according to cellular memory theory.

Heart Transplants and Cell Memory

The cell memory phenomenon, while still not considered 100 percent scientifically-validated, is still supported by several scientists and physicians. The behaviors and emotions acquired by the recipient from the original donor are due to the combinatorial memories stored in the neurons of the organ donated. Heart transplants are said to be the most susceptible to cell memory where organ transplant recipients experienced a change of heart. In a study published in the journal of Quality of Life Research, researchers interviewed 47 patients who received a heart transplant over a period of two years in Vienna, Austria. Researchers found that 79 percent of patients did not feel that their personality changed post-surgery, 15 percent experienced a change in personality due to the life-threatening event, and six percent did confirm a drastic change in their personality due to their new heart. While the percentage of personality changes as a result of an organ transplant hints to be insignificant, further research has been done to validate the existence of this concept.

At the School of Nursing at the University of Hawaii in Honolulu, researchers sought to evaluate whether changes experienced by organ transplant recipients were parallel to the history of the donor. Researchers focused on 10 patients who received a heart transplant and found two to five parallels per patient post-surgery in relation to their donor’s history. The parallels that were observed in the study were changes in food, music, art, sexual, recreational, and career preferences in addition to name associations and sensory experiences. In the study, a patient received a heart transplant from a man who was killed by gunshot to the face, and the organ recipient then reported to have dreams of seeing hot flashes of light directly on his face.

Aside from scientific studies, there have been several real-life cases that support the cell memory theory. Claire Sylvia, a heart transplant recipient who received the organ from an 18-year-old male that died in a motorcycle accident, reported having a craving for beer and chicken nuggets after the surgery. The heart transplant recipient also began to have reoccurring dreams about a man named ‚Tim L.‘ Upon searching the obituaries, Sylvia found out her donor’s name was Tim and that he loved all of the food that she craved, according to her book A Change of Heart.

Liver Transplant and Blood Type

In a recent case of possible cell memory, Australian girl Demi-Lee Brennan’s blood group was changed after receiving a liver transplant from her donor, reports the AFP. Nine months after the initial transplant, doctors discovered that Brennan had changed blood types and she acquired the immune system of the donor due to the stem cells of her new liver transferring over to her bone marrow. „In effect she had had a bone marrow transplant. The majority of her immune system had also switched over to that of the donor,“ Michael Stormon, a hepatologist who treated Brennan at the Children’s Hospital at Westmead, reported to the AFP.

Organ Donor and Recipient Sharing

An organ donor usually remains anonymous as the hospital opts to not disclose this information to the recipient family. According to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, only health care providers are allowed to share protected health information of organ donors for treatment purposes to prevent inappropriate use or disclosure.

 

Honolulu 2000

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10882878/

2000 Mar 21;

Changes in heart transplant recipients that parallel the personalities of their donors

P Pearsall  ¹ , GE Schwartz, LG Russek

Affiliations

PMID: 10882878

DOI: 10.1016/s1096-2190(00)00013-5

Abstract

Context: It is generally assumed that learning is restricted to neural and immune systems. However, the systemic memory hypothesis predicts that all dynamical systems that contain recurrent feedback loops store information and energy to various degrees. Sensitive transplant patients may evidence personal changes that parallel the history of their donors. Objective: To evaluate whether changes following heart transplant surgery parallel the history of the donors. Design: Open-ended interviews with volunteer (1) transplant recipients, (2) recipient families or friends, and (3) donor families or friends. Setting: Hospitals in various parts of the country. Patients: Ten recipients (7 males, 3 females; 7 months to 56 years old), received heart (or heart-lung) transplants (5 males, 5 females; 16 months to 34 years old). Main Outcome Measures: Transcripts of audio taped interviews quoted verbatim. Results: Two to 5 parallels per case were observed between changes following surgery and the histories of the donors. Parallels included changes in food, music, art, sexual, recreational, and career preferences, as well as specific instances of perceptions of names and sensory experiences related to the donors (e.g., one donor was killed by a gun shot to the face; the recipient had dreams of seeing hot flashes of light in his face). Conclusion: The incidence of recipient awareness of personal changes in cardiac transplant patients is unknown. The effects of the immunosuppressant drugs, stress of the surgery, and statistical coincidence are likely insufficient to explain the findings. The plausibility of cellular memory, possibly systemic memory, is suggested.